ETHICS....

Write a five-paragraph argumentative essay on the ethics of refusing to provide life-saving medicines to anyone not able to pay full price. Use information form the reading and from the three theories of ethics to help you opinion .

     Businessmen do not study ethics. Ethics will destroy their business. They think straight-buying and selling are a perfectly straightforward matter between dealer and customer. The dealer asks as much as he thinks he can extort, and the customer, having paid it, is under no obligation whatever to the dealer. He just sees a strong relation between his goods and money from the customer. Main purpose of his business is to receive benefit, and he looks at his account-purchase cont + selling cont = gain.
    I give the above details to present the character of a businessman . Ethics is not subject of study for businessmen. Ethical questions are about right and wrong, good and bad , just and unjust. They matter in daily life because what we do affects us individually , affects our community, and can even affect people we do not know or see. Kant says that when you make a moral decision , you should ask yourself a question what if everyone acted this way? From this point of view , we  cant expect all businessmen being idealists. Personally ,a businessman , out of the business , can be giving alms to a beggar but, in business he never thinks and fells in that way.
          Many businessmen , capitalists, and wealthy men donate a lot of money on social services . They build temples, homes for poor and orphans, etc,but all these expenses are accounted in their business. They sponsor a TV program just for advertisement . They never do anything with money on loss. They do everything from the personal utilitarian theory.
         A pharmacist or a drug store does not provide any medicines, not even life-saving medicines , to anyone not able to pay full price. The medicine seller , if he were working in a social organization like The Red Cross , would give the medicine free of cost. As a businessman , he will never think of such idealistic action. He would follow Mill, but not Kant, nor Aristotle. His thoughts will be all business and benefit oriented.
        Ethics are found in every aspect of life. There are business and professional ethics. This type of ethics will not permit him to do such action of providing life-saving medicines to anyone not able to pay full price. He knows well that nobody acts that way.

ETHICS IN THE DIGITAL AGE

Write a paragraph on moral aspects of downloading films form the internet without paying.

    We probably use the internet every day without thinking of the potential social ethical and legal issues. Copyright infringement can occur if we illegally download music, movies ,television shows, books or other media of which we have not paid a downloading fee. Downloading files online is a tough choice for people . They know it is illegal in some cases but people also fight with moral values. In many cultures stealing is not only wrong, its a crime. Downloading music without an artists permission equates to stealing. It's pretty unethical and illegal to download movies that are as such not intended for free distribution over the internet. Pirated films are generally shared over the internet in this way along with music ,books , software and games. Some people argue that since these are not actually physical commodities, trading in them in not illegal.  Or that no one is actually getting harmed or the people who visit cinemas visit them anyway and sales do not get affected  in anyway . Others say that all these arguments however are not very accurate. Production companies and studios spend a millions of Dollars on these films and stealing their profits will only result in them losing interest in making movies or spending so much money. Even if we were to assume that cinema sales do not get   affected, it is safe to say that DVD sales do.

Human Clonging

how do you feel about genetically engineered babies? Do parents have the right to create the prefect baby? what traits would you choose for the child ? What problems could this create for society?

   Genetic engineering , recombinant DNA technology , genetic modification / manipulation and gene splicing are terms that apply to the direct manipulation of an organism's genes. Genetic engineering is different form traditional breeding , where the organism's genes are manipulated indirectly.Genetic engineering uses the techniques of molecular cloning and transformation to alter the structure and characteristics of genes directly. Genetic engineering techniques have found some successes in numerous applications.
      Basically, human cloning is the artificial process of making a genetic twin of a person. Human cloning has already become illegal or restricted in a variety of degrees in several countries .Furthermore, there has been quite a bit of legislation proposing to completely ban human cloning ,and also a large amount of legislation proposing to allow human cloning . Therefore, it is very controversial to say that parents have the right to create the "perfect baby" . If i had such chance of creating the perfect baby, i would wish for oval shape face wheat-colour- complexion ,intelligent mind healthy body and mind , smart behaviours etc. I know there would be several problems .It would create much confusion in relation and also creates inheritance issues. It would create uncertain genetic consequences. Cloning humans would be lesson the status of humanity. The mankind will fall into the slavery of intelligence of their own invention , and face all kinds of risks and dangers.

          Advantage of Human Cloning ?

Human cloning is a burning issue in the field of science. It has created confusion among the scientists. It is the creation of genetically identical copy (carbon copy) of human being. The creation of human being from the cell of parent is called reproductive cloning and the creation of the cells or tissues for the treatment or replacement of the cell is called the rapeutic cloning. Cloning certainly has many benefits in the human life. First of all, it is beneficial to the sterile parents who can’t give birth to their biological children. This process of creating the future generation is highly applicable and is useful to many species of birds and animals in the verge of extinction. Although, this process can’t be helpful to save/ create the vanished creatures using their dead cells, it may be helpful to save others in the line of disappearance. The parents with defective genes, who are in dangers of giving birth to the offspring, get ample opportunity to create healthy children. Even a single parent can have babies. They can choose the traits as they wish. Similarly, it can be useful for the treatment of many types of genetic diseases as well as in the replacement of new tissues such as cancer, plastic surgery, etc.

Despite many defects and doubts cloning can’t be legally banned. Cloning should be controlled and be applied only in the limited cases and circumstances. It is the responsibility of the government to control such type of human experimentations. Cloning shouldn’t be made legally free for everyone for the experiments. It should be handed to the professionally responsible people with great care and conscious supervision. However, cloning has created ethical problems.

 Disadvantage of Human Cloning?

Human cloning is a burning issue in the field of science. It has created confusion among the scientists. It is the creation of genetically identical copy (carbon copy) of human being. The creation of human being from the cell of parent is called reproductive cloning and the creation of the cells or tissues for the treatment or replacement of the cell is called the rapeutic cloning.

Though cloning has been successfully applied in animals and plants, it has created a great conflict among the human beings. Though cloning has many advantages, people are much scared with its likely dangers. If we stared to create exact copies of people by means of cloning, it would create a lot of problems. Creation of exact copy of a person will have many practical and genetic problems in the human society. Human being is unique in nature. Cloning would not allow people to be unique and personally distinct. Physical resemblance of many people may cause practical problems when one can’t be distinguished from the others. Their identical traits create confusion and problems in others. Moreover, it affects badly in the role relationship of the staff in a company or in an office as it may lead to the creation of genetically engineered groups of people for specific purposes. There may be numerous unknown and un-identified defects of cloning in the offspring, like the transmission of defective genes. A clone can’t acquire potential power of brain, one is limited to parents. So, further progress and investigations are hampered. The cloned person may have diminished sense of individuality. Cloning might create havoc in the traditional concepts; and the cultural activities like marriages, caste-system, etc. It might affect in the investigation of crimes for lot of people might have identical genetic characteristics.

Then and Now:Finding My Voice (Elain

Both the Cabuliwallah and Elaine were treated as "perpetual outsiders." What are the similarities in their situations? What are the difference?

In the story "The Cabuliwallah ", Rahman is the hero, who has come from Cabul, Afghanistan, to do a little business in the street of calcutta.  He sells fruit and clothes. Far in distance , in the mountains of Cabul , his wife and a little daughter lived. He has parental feelings , he does have sentiments. He feels lonely in the foreign land. He sells goods to the people, some people take good on credit. Once a year, in the middle of year, Rahman used to return to his own country.
  While living in Calcutta , he has made familiarity with some people like the writer, who talks with him in gentle way and helps with money. Many people do not give him prestige. Many people think that he is kidnapper,  and he carries away little children to injure him in anger. Thus , he was arrested and imprisoned for eight years. Poor man suffered unnecessarily.
   Elaine was treated like a foreigner-non-American , and she suffered in the hand of the whites since her school life.After the devastating Korean War of the 1950s,her family had migrated to America as a refugee.
Most people who had ever heard of Korea thought that it was a state in Japan or China. She was used to being asked if she was Chinese of Japanese, as if there could be no other choices. She had heard that the printing press and gunpowder had been invented in Korea and that a Korean marathon runner had won a gold medal in the 1936 Olympics, disapproving Nazi Germany's insistence on the superiority of the whit race. These were not heard in her school. To impose and impress the non-Americans, the school taught that all of the world's great inventions and discoveries were made by Europeans and Americans.
      African's Americans were often victimized and harassed. Although Asians were , unlike African Americans, were allowed to live in white neighbourhoods, these Asians also harassed .Her brother was taunted and beaten by white boys daily. She was called called " chink" and "jap". Asians , along with blacks and jews, were not welcome at the tourist homes. She was not invited into white folks 'homes'. She was always asked when she had to America and when she "going back". In that racial climate, Americans treated Asians as foreigners. For an Asian American girl, a cheerleader was near impossibility . These were the reasons that stimulated her to work against racism and sexism.
Less or more both had similar experiences of staying in foreign countries.

Why go to universtiy

Do you agree with Richard wright and the author of "Why go to university ?" the education is supremely valuable ? why or why not?
Express your views on education on the basis of "The library card " and " Why go to university?"
What similarities of ideas do you find between " The library card " and " Why go to university ?"

"The Library card " shows importance of reading for social changes, and entire revolution in the society. The story deals with the ideas of call struggle ,and development of mind for right decisions at right time. The person has close knowledge of the society and social changes. The author of " Why go to university " enlists several advantages of education , and advantages shown in " The Library card" in one of them. Reading books also means getting knowledge. It is also a kind of education.
Richard Wright's story " The Library card " deals with advantages of reading books . The more one reads books, the more advantages he has. A book is a human world. Mind is widened with the knowledge of families , society , human affairs and world's affairs. Wright knows right and wrong human traits. He understands prejudices prevalent in the society. Knowledge of the social discrimination of apartheid evokes anger in his mind and heart. He feels that we must revolt against the white to preserve the rights of the Negroes. He learns to compare and contrast the privileges that have been given to the white and the Negroes .He moves his hand to raise the suppressed souls with violence against their cruel enemy-the white people.
        Moti Nissani writes general benefits of education unlike Wright whose work describes specific benefit. Nissani has enlisted ten advantages that one has after having better income and job opportunities. They can save money by the knowledge of repairments and other daily works. They can keep better health. They can have physical and mental exercises. Education gives maturity . It guides in political activities . People have maximum utilization of democracy. From both texts , there is common essence that education is foundation of culture and civilization . It is extremely valuable.

MARRIAGE IS A PRIVTE AFFAIR

Would you say that marriage in Nepal is a private affair?

Ans: Nepal is a country where are varieties of cultures, customs, social and tribal groups, communities and religious groups. The marriage system varies in these different social cultural, religious and tribal groups. In some of the social group , tribal communities and religious groups especially , in the rural parts of Nepal,there are strict traditional rules about marriage. The matured people are not free to choose their life partners of their own choice . If the boys or girls go against their religion, culture and tradition , they are punished or rejected by the society . The parents arrange marriage and it is not private affair for these people.

However, many changes have taken place in the marriage system nowadays. In the city parts, marriage has become a private affair. The matured people are free to do love marriage and court marriage . They are free to choose their own partners. The traditional and religious norms and restrictions are being broken.More and more people are being educated and they are not ready to follow the old systems. Inter-caste marriage has become popular.Though some conservative parents reject these new systems in the beginning, they accept their daughter-in-law or son-in-law slowly. The society has become broad and liberal and law of our country has also encouraged inter-caste and other forms of private marriages. Thus as a whole , marriage has become a private affair in our country.

Me.Know-All

Literal Comprehension : The narrator of the story was going to Yakohama  from San Francisco .On the ship, he had to share the cabin, with a stranger named Max Kelada  who was chatty and argumentative . He talked to everybody on various topics as if he knew everything .For that reason , he was nicknamed as Mr. Know-All .He was hated by almost everyone on board . There was another man named Mr. Ramsay who was going Kobe from New York with his beautiful wife . One evening , an argument started between Mr. Know-All and Mr.Ramsay .They argued about pearls. Mr.Kelada  claimed that he knew much about pearls.  He showed a pearl-chain worn by Mrs.Ramsay and said that it was real and it would cost thirty thousand dollars, But Mr.Ramsay was sure that the pearl-chain was artificial and his wife had bought for just 18 dollars. Mr.Ramsay and Mr. Kelada bet hundred dollars on it. Mr. Kelada examined the pearls with his magnifying glass and found out that the pearls were real. He looked at Mrs. Ramsay and saw that her face was pale and she looked as if she was going to faint Mr. Kelada hid the truth and said that the pearls were artificial . He gave a hundred dollar note to Mr. Ramsay , Next morning ,he got his money back from Mrs. Ramsay.
Interpretation:  This story deals with humanity and the nature of woman.What appears on the surface is not always the reality. Though Mr. Kelada is talkative and he is hated by all, he is proved to be the best example of humanity . He became fool but saved the happy married life of Mr. and Mrs. Ramsay . People laughed at him and ridiculously nicknamed him as Mr. Know-All ,but he didnt care it. He told a lie and lost the money as well as prestige to save the prestige of others. On the other hand , the story also shows the duel character of women . Mrs. Ramsay looks very honest and good wife but she involves in the immoral love affairs with other men in the absence of her husband.
Critical Thinking:  This story is very interesting and it had  a surprise ending. The writer has successfully shown the human nature. Some good people like Mr.Kelada are really misjudged and it is difficult to know about the secrecy of women. However , some ideas are less convincing . If alcohol was prohibited at that time , how did Mr.Kelada  offer a good cocktail to the narrator ? Did Mr. Kelada know every thing? If Mr.Kelada did many things to entertain the people on board why was he hated ? Except these doubts, the story is convincing , exciting and realistic.
Assimilation:  I am very much affected by this story . This story has taught me that we cant judge people through their outward behaviors. On the other hand, it is not easy to understand the character and secrecy of women.