Q. Write a classification essay about different types of countries on the basis of government system. In what respect are they same or different?


The countries of the world can be divided into three groups or categories in term of the forms and the functions of the government. Function of the government meant the supremacy of the ruler, i.e. who makes the decision of the government, and makes rules and laws. The three categories are: monarchy, democracy and the dictatorship. The ruling systems and the centralization of the power and the rights are different in these three types of the government.  
Monarchy is the form of the government in which a monarch is the head of the state. There are different ways and procedures of choosing the head of the states in different forms of the governments. In monarchy, the monarch isn’t elected or sent by the people. He becomes monarch due to the birth in a ruling family. Monarchy is the oldest system of the government. In the past, monarchs ruled the countries with absolute power. Most of the world-countries were ruled by a monarchy. A monarch is called differently in different countries. Nepal had absolute monarchy for about 238 years. Recently, the monarchy is abolished.
                                                                        Democracy is a form of government in which people have rights and freedom to choose the head of the states by means of election. In democratic countries, there are many limitations of the government in terms of time and authority. A government is formed for a certain period of time, and if any government can’t function well or is likely to act less effectively, the representatives to the people in the parliament can draw them back from the government and form a new government. The members of the parliament are elected through the direct election and the majority of the MPs elect the head of the government and the country.In democratic countries, people have different rights: rights to speak, rights to choose the job, right to live freely, travel freely within the country, form parties, etc.
                                                                       A dictatorship is a form of government in which a person rules the country with absolute power. The rise of the dictator isn’t usual or natural; they aren’t elected by the people. They seize the power through illegal or violent way or by means of military coup. Anybody from the previous government or a military leader or a group of rebels or a religious leader often causes such a coup, and come into power when the country is in weak condition or in a transitional phase. Dictators discriminates the people, they don’t allow reasonable freedom. People are forced to obey what the government allows/dictates. Dictators rule the country by means of brute force to sustain their power on the government. 
                                                           There are many expectations of the people from the government. A good government maintains peace, prosperity and harmony in the country. The government has to be committed to its people and the nation, welfare of the people, and the prosperity of the country. People in such government system are happier and freer.   

Write a descriptive essay about a childhood relationship with a person who has had a powerful influence over you?


I loved to stay at home than going to the school during my childhood days because there was an interesting and really loving and caring person to me, it was my uncle. He was then in his thirties. I used to call him “Prem KaKa.” He was a kind, clever and religious person. He would go to the temple every morning and to his job in the day. I used to pass most of my morning and evenings with him. He taught me a great deal of being kind, studious and religious person. He has great influence in my life which I didn’t realize until I was a grown-up. He was a good caregiver in my childhood and a source of inspiration and role model to follow in my career.
I was much happier to be with him. He made up my dolls and playthings out of papers and clothes. Sometimes, he used to buy some interesting toys from the market. We would go together to the temples in the fine mornings. He used to worship and I kept on watching the way he worshipped. Then he would take me to the nearby shops to buy sweets for me.While I was in elementary school, I was a little revolting with my classmates. My parents were busy, so they couldn’t take me to the school. My ‘Prem KaKa’ would always go together with me to the school. He would call my friends and would make our groups. When I was in the class, I would take my seat at the last bench. Sometimes, my uncle used to come to my school and talk with my teachers about me.  And sometimes, in holidays, my uncle took us to the children’s park. He taught me how to become kind and co-operative with friends. 
As I grew older I was keen interested on my education. My uncle helped me to do my homework. The teachers appreciated my tasks and my progress in school. He brought interesting novels and science-fictions for me. I was very happy to read science fiction. Despite being busy in his job, my uncle used to take me to big libraries and let a chance to read many types of books and magazines.His devotion for making me studious can’t be expressed on words. He taught me the value of education. He used to say, “King is worshipped in one nation, but an educated person is worshipped worldwide; material achievement make people unhappy and dissatisfied, but the more one get educated, the more satisfied he becomes.” He influenced me to become an educated person, I can never forget him. 
Prem KaKa was not only my friend in my childhood but also a flame of light to brighten up my career. I now understand how much devotion and sacrifice he made to make me what I’m today. The way he loved me, taught me morals, and the way he motivated me to become sociable as well as the way he inspired me to read, are praiseworthy. I’m still being regularly injected with his enthusiasm and inspirations to grow healthier in the society and brighten up my future career. I always remember him as an Idol of God in my life. 

The Library Card

Summary : In this essay entitled “The Library Card,” Richard Wright has presented a vivid picture of his desire for reading and value of education. Wright was a Negro boy. The black people weren’t allowed to borrow books from the library. One day, he read a article on H. L. Mencken. Mencken was severely criticized in the article, so Wright wanted to know why he was criticized. He decided to read the books by Mencken. So he asked an Irish catholic named Mr. Falk to provide him the library card. Richard Wright forged the signature of Mr. Falk and was able to bring two books by H. L. Mencken. He knew more about Mencken. The reading broadened his mind. The more knowledge he gained, he was able to understand the world around him. The hunger of knowledge increased, and he read a lot of books. It made him different than the other blacks. He understood why the blacks were discriminated. And similarly, he understood why Mencken was criticized. 

Because of reading, Richard’s attitude towards the world and his society changed. He was better able to understand the injustice and prejudices deep rooted in the society. Thus, Richard Wright sings the importance of education in this essay. Education enhances our knowledge about ourselves and the world.

Interpretation : Richard Wright says that one can have education by reading a lot of books . One can have informal education at home , among friends , in society , and in other circumstances. Informal education in not like the formal education that we can have after going to schools or colleges . Reading books can develop our emotion and feeling and we can have enough knowledge to understand our society closely.  

Critical thinking : There are three kinds of education formal , informal and non-formal. Informal education can be received form home , friends and society. Sharing of individual experience among us is very common. Thats why, education also means the experience that one gains in his/her life. Reading books also works as sharing of the experiences of the writers. Such experience help us with the maturity to understand the society very closely. Sense of evaluation is developed more by reading books. The writer is right in his view reading books can change our sense of looking at world.

Assimilation : I still recollect the time period after my SLC which was nearly six month's gap that we had to spend without doing any works. In the present time, people have many provisions-computer training , singing and dancing , and some people even like go to abroad . Along with my friends , i had the provision of reading books. By reading novels, i had really enjoyed the imaginary world created by the writer. I had experienced that emotion and feelings were developed.     

                                

 

A sound of

Literal comprehension: The story “The Sound of Thunder” is written by Ray Bradbury. In this story, he presents a picture of our environment, and asks his reader to think about our future world. The story has emphasized on eco –balance, and evokes the reader to think about the future.

Mr. Eckels was tempted by a sign put on the wall of a safari company which claimed to take the hunter back to any time in the past and hunt any animal they wished. After paying the charge, he got into the Time Machine which would take him in the past. There were four other men with him .The machine took them sixty million two thousand and fifty five years back in the past. Eckles was surprised to see the beauty of the jungle and was eager to shoot a dinosaur. But he was warned by the safari leader not to shoot any animal without his permission. More that that, there was a path set in the jungle which was floating six inches high above the ground level ,and the path was made of anti-gravity metal . Eckles was reported that he had to be careful not to fall from the path, so that he wouldn’t touch anything in the past .Because killing one ordinary animal in the future .The life of thousands of animals would be threatened if accidently killed an animal .Then Eckles was given the information that dinosaurs he was going to shoot has been marked earlier .The safari leader had marked the dinosaur which would die naturally shortly after. This means that they were shooting the animal with no future. But when the dinosaur came close to him, Eckles couldn’t face it and went to hide himself in the Time Machine .The hunters faught with their life and killed the dinosaur. It was shoot on the spot where it would die naturally few seconds later .Then Eckles was asked to take out the bullet from the dead animal so that no unnatural object left in the jungle in the past era .The dead body was left on the jungle to be disposed of naturally because the life of hundreds of insects depended on the dead body of that dead dinosaur.

Interpretation: The story may be trying to tell us something about the eco-system, eco-balance and trying to criticize the modern world .The modern people have grown selfish, they don’t think about the future. The earth has been polluted because of human activities, and global warming is increasing .By talking the readers millions years back in the past , the writer is probably trying to give the message that killing even a simple animal at the present may have devastating effect in the future.

Critical thinking: The story is beautiful but there are a lot of situation which are not agreeable .It is possible that we go back in the past era with Time Machine? Can anyone face the deadly animal like dinosaur? Does anyone get crazy about killing such animals like dinosaur?

Assimilation : People call themselves rational creatures but their irrationality can be realized from their interference into the system of nature. They kill mice, or even ants with their negligence and sometimes knowingly. But they do not understand what they think minor thing or event is responsible for bringing up disastrous consequences in the world. They are responsible for global warming and it has caused the sinking and disappearance of an island .

What is Intelligence , Anyway

Summary : When Isaac Asimov was in the army, he received the kind of aptitude test and scored 160, against a normal of 100. All his life he's been registering scores like that. He has a  pleasant feeling that he's highly intelligent. However, he does not think that such scores simply mean that he is very good at answering the type of academic questions that are considered worthy of answers by people who make up the intelligence tests but in other cases he is not intelligent because he cant fix his car by himself. He must go to an auto-repair man. He think that he cant answer  the questions if auto-repair man , or a carpenter, or a farmer makes  them. He can answer only those questions which have made by an academician. Therefore, he thinks that his intelligence is not absolute one, rather it is designed by function of the society. His auto-repair man told him a joke- a deaf and dumb man went to a hardware shop and , by showing the fingers and hammering upon them, demanded nails. The shop keeper first showed a hammer but the man shook his head and pointed to the two finger. The shopkeeper  gave him nails. He asked - what would a blind man have done for asking a scissors? Asimov gave the answer immediately -scissoring motions of first two fingers,but the auto-repair man said he would have asked by his voice . He remarked that, being highly educated, he would not be smart to give the right answer.

Interpretation : It is reasonable for the writer to ask the question - what is the intelligence, anyway ? Intelligence is measured by an academician by arranging questions by the academician himself. In real sense of meaning of intelligence , he must know all and must give answers to all questions asked by all kinds of people in different positions and professions.

Critical thinking : It is true that intelligence tests are designed and asked by academicians. I think hardly anybody has alternative person or body  for intelligence tests. Traditional concept of 'intelligence' is that the person being tested knows all kind of subjects and can give answers to all kinds of people in different professions and can do all things by himself. Asimov arise the question and , i think ,all reader would become self-conscious and realize that intelligence in not absolute one, that is just a relative ,because a person , supposed to be intelligent , can give answers to one kind of subject , not to all subject . An intelligent person is quick-mined ,clever and smart , quickly-grasping and quickly-responding person.

Assimilation : Once i went to the headmaster of the school where i had studied myself, and requested for an admission of a student in call VI. The headmaster asked me- how is the student like? 'intelligent' the word came out of my mouth, without considering the intention behind the question . He immediately presented the counterargument and said that there are three kinds of people- intelligent, hard-working , and dull-mined. I was bought to change my word because the student was hard-working , not intelligent  , true to the word . I thing 'intelligent' is a divine gift which is possessed by a small number of people.

Cabuliwallah

Summary :  A Cabuliwallah named Rahaman reached near the house of the writer. He was a peddler and sold seasonal goods. Mini, the five years old daughter of the writer, saw him. The writer was busy on writing his story. When Mini called him, he came towards her. When Cabuliwallah came towards her house, Mini got afraid and went to her mother. But, the writer called her and introduced with Rahaman to remove her fear from her mind. The Cabuliwallah gave nuts and raisins to her. Then Cabuliwallah became a regular visitor to Mini’s home. They became good friends.

Rahaman sold seasonal goods. Once he had sold a Rampuri sawl to a costumer on credit. But when he went to collect his money, the costumer didn’t give the money. It made Rahaman so angry that he stabbed the costumer with knife. Rahaman was charged for attempting murder and was sent to jail for long time. When he was released from the jail, he directly went to the writer’s house. There was a ceremony in the writer house. Mini was going to get married. At first, the writer didn’t allow him to see her. But Rahaman gave nuts and raisins for her and gave it to the writer. He then took out the hand print of his daughter from his pocket, and declared that he also had a daughter like Mini in his house. Seeing the condition of the Cabuliwallah, the eyes of the writer filled with tears. He called Mini who was in wedding dress, and introduced with Rahaman. Rahaman was surprised to see mini grown up. He remembered his own daughter and expressed the concerns about her. The writer got sentiment, and so, he offered hundred rupees to Rahaman by reducing some of the festivities like bands and electric lights. But the writer got happy to realize, that he was helping father who is going to meet his daughter.  

Interpretation : The writer says that separation from the beloved ones is painful. Rahman suffered from the separation from his daughter while he was in calcutta. When he was living and working as a peddler, he always remembered his daughter. In the place of his daughter, he used to look at Mini and had consolation in her company. A man, while living in the foreign land, lives painful life in the memory of his family.

Critical Thinking :  Most people prefer to migrate to foreign land. They may have their personal reasons, for example , interest in living foreign land ,earning livelihood, having education etc. But it is true that they are bound to leave their birth place , parents , friends and others and they do not have anyone even while they fall sick and lying in their bed. Nobody takes care of these people . Rahman is an example . He keeps a paper with the print of finger and palm that belong to his daughter. He loves Mini as his own daughter and gets consolation . He does not have friends to relatives to defend  him at the time of being accused of assault of murder. I think the writer has generalized the feelings of people of those who are living in foreign land.


 Assimilation :  Last time, I had attended a press conference in which two women appeared  at the dias, both crying and expressing their painful feelings. One of them had lost her husband who was reported to dead , while working in a Gulf country .Other said that her son had gone to the us for higher study ,but he was shot down by the locals in the college . They said that they had appealed the ministry to manage the delivery of the dead for last one month, but they not able to receive the bodies , in reality , onbody cares while they are alive and after death , that care seems impossible.

                    

                               

Ahab and Naboth

Literal comprehension: This story is taken from the holy Bible, the religious book of Christians.  The Christians believe that there is only one God and Bible is the collection of the words spoken by the God himself. Naboth the Jez’reelite, a citizen of Jez’reel, had a very beautiful vineyard. The vineyard was located by side of the palace of King Ahab, the king of Samaria. The eyes of King Ahab fell on the vineyard, temptation took his heart in control. So, he went to Naboth and asked him to sell the vineyard. But Naboth denied giving it to the king because it was his ancestral property. The king became serious and stopped eating. Then, Jez’ebel- the queen- calmed him by promising to take the vineyard in possession. Then the queen wrote a letter in the name of Ahab and sent it to the nobles of Jez’reel. In the letter, it was claimed that Naboth had blasphemed God and the king, so he must be stoned to death. All the people of Jezreel gathered in a place, and put Naboth in a high place and stoned him to death.

The death of Naboth was reported to the queen. When Ahab, the king heard the news, he went to take the possession of vineyard. But, the god sent Eli’jah the Tishbite to deliver the message to the king that he has committed the crime and must face the same fate as Naboth.

 Interpretation: Religious stories always try to show its followers the right path to truth and morality. This story also teaches its readers a moral lesson that one’s sin is never hidden from the eyes of the god. A powerful person may misuse his authority to conceal his crime. But the truth is never hidden in the eyes of the god. 

Critical Thinking: Is the story suitable for modern reader? Are the evil deeds watched by the God? There would be no crime in the world it the God treated the criminals accordingly. Can anyone witness someone stoned to death?

Assimilation:  After reading the story, I realized that the truth can’t be blurred by any power. The power may misuse its authority, but one day, it is destined to its fate. I also believe now that “god sees the truth but waits.”